BAKALIT
BAKALITShort answer
The Turkish rendering of Bakelite, the first and best-known trade name for phenolic resins. In the trade it is used as a catch-all for the whole phenolic class, so it does not distinguish filled moulded phenolic from unfilled cast phenolic.
Meanings in the trade
These are usages collected from the market; each line carries its own source grade and is not a definition.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.BOOK
PHENOLICPhenolic resins are often known only as Bakelite®, the original and most recognized trade name for this class of materials.
- Evidence grade B — auction or explicit attribution. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.LISTING
PHENOLIC_CASTThe bead carvers, mainly in Turkey, were swift to understand that Bakelite, (meaning cast phenolic resin) was a material that could be well carved
Canonical mapping
A mapping is not a conclusion: it is a claim about what the term points to, not a measurement of the material.
PHENOLIC
Conflicting sources
The same term carries competing material claims; none is marked as the right answer.
PHENOLICusages: 1Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.PHENOLIC_CASTusages: 1Evidence grade B — auction or explicit attribution. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.
How to tell — and what it does not tell
production_period Baekeland fenol-formaldehit için 'heat and pressure' patentini 13 Temmuz 1907'de dosyaladı, 7 Aralık 1909'da tescil edildi. Fenolik reçine içeren hiçbir nesne 1907'den önceye tarihlenemez.
- Evidence grade C — institutional seller. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Bakelite 111 years old – Material with the infinity symbolK-online (Messe Düsseldorf)2018
On July 13, 1907, Baekeland filed his “heat and pressure” patent related to the processing of phenol formaldehyde resins
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade B — auction or explicit attribution. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Bakelite: The First Synthetic PlasticScience Museum, London
Baekeland's process patent for making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed in July 1907
Accessed on:
production_period Sanayi ölçeğinde PF üretimi 1910'da General Bakelite Company'nin kurulmasıyla başladı; bu tarih PF boncuk için mümkün en erken tarihtir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The year 1910 has been established as the start of industrial production of phenol-formaldehyde resins and therefore, the earliest possible date for beads made of this material.
Accessed on:
production_method PF iki temel tipte üretilir: (a) dolgu katkılı, basınçlı kalıplama için tozlar; (b) açık kalıba dökülen ve basınçsız kurutulan döküm reçineleri. PHENOLIC_MOLDED / PHENOLIC_CAST ayrımının literatür temeli budur.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
Phenolic resins are of two basic types: powders with added filler meant for compression molding and casting resins that are poured into open molds and cured without pressure.
Accessed on:
other Erken PF formülasyonları renk kararlılığı sorunluydu: açık renkli kalıp ürünleri havaya maruz kalınca kırmızı ve kahverengiye döndü; bazı durumlarda değişim birkaç hafta ile bir ay içinde gerçekleşti.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
PF products made in a mold in light colors darkened to red and brown with exposure to ambient conditions. The color change in some cases occurred within a few weeks to a month
Accessed on:
other 'Cherry red' rengin kimyasal nedeni aurin: pH 6.8 üzerinde parlak kırmızı olan bir fenol-formaldehit kondensasyon ürünü. 'Kiraz kehribarı' terimi bu kırmızıdan gelir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The red color, often called cherry red, is due to the presence of aurin, a chemical that is bright red at a pH over 6.8.
Accessed on:
other Renk kararlı PF'lerde renk değişimi 121-177 °C aralığında kısa süreli ısıtmayla hızlandırılabilir: yüzey sarıdan kırmızıya, koyu kırmızı-kahveye, neredeyse siyaha geçer ve geri döndürülemez. Yapay yaşlandırma / sahtecilik riski.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
may be accelerated in other, more color-stable PF resins by heating them to temperatures of 121-177 C for short periods of time
Accessed on:
melting_behavior Havada ~232 °C'ye ısıtılan bir PF boncuk ikiye ayrıldı (termal gerilme). PF termoset olduğu için erimez, bozunur ve çatlar.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
a bead heated by the author to about 232 C in air broke in half
Accessed on:
sg Fenolik reçine özgül ağırlığı 1.35-1.38 g/cm3 olarak veriliyor; kehribardan (1.05-1.10), polistirenden (0.96-1.05) ve akrilikten (1.17-1.20) ayırır ama polyester/selüloit/kazein ile örtüşür.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
to distinguish PF (specific gravity 1.35-1.38 g/cc) from amber (1.05-1.10), polystyrene (0.96-1.05), and acrylic (1.17-1.20)
Accessed on:
sg ÇELİŞKİ KAYDI: Repo'daki mevcut reference_ranges.yaml (Webster 1994'e dayanarak) PHENOLIC sg aralığını 1.25-1.35 veriyor; Falabella 2016 ise 1.35-1.38 veriyor. İki aralık yalnız uçta teğet; birleşik pratik aralık 1.25-1.38 olmalı ya da döküm/kalıp ayrı kaydedilmeli.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
specific gravity 1.35-1.38 g/cc
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification, 5th ed.Webster, R.1994
fenol-formaldehit SG 1.25-1.35 (repo vocab satırındaki source_citation)
Accessed on:
hot_point_smell Kızgın iğne tüm termoplastiklere ve kehribara kolayca girer; PF, kazein (Galalith) ve boynuza girmez. Bu, sentetik/organik ayrımında ilk sıralanacak minimal invaziv testtir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The hot needle will readily sink into all thermoplastic materials and amber, but not into PF, Galalith, or horn.
Accessed on:
hot_point_smell Elmas uçlu rayba ile delik içinden alınan tozun kokusu PF'de karışık, ilaç gibi fenol (karbolik asit) kokusudur; toz dış yüzey rengi ne olursa olsun hardal sarısıdır.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
the musty, medicinal odor of phenol (also known as carbolic acid, an old disinfectant) can be detected if the bead is made from PF. The dust will typically be a mustard yellow color
Accessed on:
solvent_reaction %10 amonyak çözeltisine batırılmış pamuk çubuk eskimiş kahverengi PF yüzeyinde çoğu zaman koyu hardal sarısına döner; Simichrome ve sodyum hidroksit içeren ürünler de pozitif verir. Isıl işlemle kırmızılaşmış PF boncuklar pozitif vermez — negatif sonuç PF'yi dışlamaz.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The swab will turn dark mustard yellow. ... The author has found that red heat-treated PF beads do not give a positive result
Accessed on:
other Eski PF boncukların yüzeyi sarı-kahveden kahveye döner; bu ince tabaka yıkanmaz ama aşındırılınca alttaki orijinal renk çıkar. Patina değildir; oksidasyon ürünüdür. Delik ağzındaki aşınma noktaları tanı için bakılacak yerdir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
This layer cannot be washed off, showing that it is not a patina resulting from contact with skin oil and dirt. It can, however, be rubbed off and the original color restored.
Accessed on:
other PF boncuklarda sık görülen yüzey çatlakları malzemenin çok yavaş büzülmesinin veya ısıl işlemin göstergesidir; ancak tüm PF boncuklarda bulunmaz ve formülasyona bağlı olabilir — tek başına yaş göstergesi değildir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
PF beads often have surface cracks that are indicative of the very slow shrinkage of the material over time or of heat treatment.
Accessed on:
trade_name_history 1930'ların ortasında 300'ün üzerinde PF ticari adı kayıtlıydı; bunların 70'ten fazlası torna (turnery) malzemesi ya da levha/çubuk/boru olarak sunuluyordu. Tek bir PF boncuğun markasını sonradan belirlemek pratikte imkansızdır.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
one that totals over 300, with over 70 PFs specifically noted as turnery materials
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
it would essentially be impossible to determine the pedigree of any individual PF bead after the fact
Accessed on:
production_method Fritz Pollak 1910-1912 arasında fildişi ve kehribar taklidi PF formülasyonları için patent başvurusu yaptı; bunlar arasında şeffaf parlak kırmızıdan sarıya renk aralığı ve havaya maruz kalınca hızlı renk değişimini önlemeye yönelik formüller vardı.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
Patent applications related to amber and ivory imitations were filed between 1910 and 1912 by Fritz Pollak of Berlin
Accessed on:
other Alman Reich'ı 1934'te doğal kehribarı korumak için bir yasa çıkardı: 'kehribar' terimi veya içinde kehribar geçen sözcük öbekleri yalnız katkısız doğal kehribar ürünleri için kullanılabilirdi. Ucuz taklitlerin piyasa baskısının dönem belgesi.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
the law for the protection of natural amber passed by the German Reich in 1934. The law restricted the use of the term “amber” ... to natural amber products with no additives.
Accessed on:
production_period II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası Almanya'da 'Edelkunstharz' talebi arttı; bu malzeme kehribarla aynı triboelektrik davranışa sahip olduğu için alıcının elektrostatik testini geçiyordu. Statik elektrik testi PF'yi kehribardan AYIRMAZ.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
This “precious art resin” has the same triboelectric properties as amber (i.e., it takes on a static charge when rubbed) and so passes the electrostatic test used by the customer for amber.
Accessed on:
other Piyasada 'African amber' ve 'copal amber' terimleri PF boncuklar için yaygın kullanılıyor; 'copal amber' anlamsız bir terimdir — bir madde ya kopaldır ya kehribar. Aynı mantık Türkçe'deki '(faturan) kehribar' kullanımı için de geçerlidir.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The term “copal amber” is especially unfortunate since it is a meaningless term – a substance is either copal or amber.
Accessed on:
production_period ABD piyasasına PF boncuk girişi 1971 civarında başladı (Afrika'dan büyük, kehribar benzeri yassı boncukların ithali). Bu tarih 'Afrika kehribarı' etiketinin doğduğu piyasa olayıdır.
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
the trend began around 1971, with the “importation of large, attractive, amber-like, oblate-shaped beads from Africa.”
Accessed on:
Sources
A grade states the strength of the source, not of the conclusion.
usages: 2Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Evidence grade B — auction or explicit attribution. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.
- Evidence grade C — institutional seller. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Bakelite 111 years old – Material with the infinity symbolK-online (Messe Düsseldorf)2018
On July 13, 1907, Baekeland filed his “heat and pressure” patent related to the processing of phenol formaldehyde resins
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade B — auction or explicit attribution. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Bakelite: The First Synthetic PlasticScience Museum, London
Baekeland's process patent for making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed in July 1907
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Imitation Amber Beads of Phenolic Resin from the African Trade, BEADS 28:3-15Falabella, Rosanna2016
The year 1910 has been established as the start of industrial production of phenol-formaldehyde resins and therefore, the earliest possible date for beads made of this material.
Accessed on:
- Evidence grade A — publication. The grade states the type of the source, not the truth of the claim.Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification, 5th ed.Webster, R.1994
fenol-formaldehit SG 1.25-1.35 (repo vocab satırındaki source_citation)
Accessed on: